31 Mart 2008 Pazartesi
My Preference
Henry Ford
HENRY FORD
A famous American funder who is the father of assembly lines in mass production and is the founder of the Ford Motor Company. He first used the assembly lines in mass production of the automobile model-T. He was such a productive man that he got 161 U.S. patents. He became one of the richest men in the world. Also “Fordism” took its name after Henry Ford, which means the mass production of large numbers of inexpensive automobiles using the assembly line. Ford was not the first to use assembly line but he made assembly line major component of the American industrial system. The Model T, his most famous car, was pioneered in 1908 for under $900. His advertising for the car was accurate --"No car under $2,000 offers more, and no car over $2,000 offers more except the trimmings." Model-T can be seen as the first car that is affordable to all middle class people in the society which is produced by mass production. According to many industrial historians, Henry Ford’s innovation of the Model T, the moving belt assembly line, and the five-dollar, eight hour day has had more important consequences than Lenin’s socialist revolution (Flink, 1981).
http://www.hfmgv.org/exhibits/hf/
http://www.incwell.com/Biographies/Ford.html
Batchelor,Ray(1994)-Henry Ford Mass Production, Modernism and Design.
Ford,Henry(1988)-Today and Tomorrow
Henri Fayol
HENRI FAYOL
Henri Fayol was born in 1841 of a family of the French petite bourgeoisie. He had his education as a student of the Lycee at Lyon and spent two years there. He then continued his educational life at the National School of Mines at St.Etienne, this year; he was the youngest student, of age seventeen. He was graduated at nineteen as a mining engineer. He was chosen as engineer to the Commentry group of pits of the Commentry-Fourchambault Company in 1860. He continued his extensive and successful business life with this responsibility. In 1918, he retired from working as Managing Director. He kept on being a Director of the Company until his death at his eighty-four in December, 1925.
Henri Fayol’s working life includes four periods. Firstly, from 1860 to 1872, although he was at a decision-maker position, he played a secondary role. He struggled for overcoming the risk of combustion of coal mining. Secondly, from 1872 to 1888, he worked as Director of a group of pits. In these years, he devoted himself to solve the geological problems of the area in relation with the life of pits for which he was responsible. As a result of these studies, he created his famous geological monograph on the Commentry coal measure which includes his theory of deltas which developed in three steps from 1886 to 1893. Thirdly, from 1888 to 1918, Fayol gad became the Managing Director of the group which is generally called Comambaut. He performed great efforts to discharge. As a distinctive of him, he always kept track of his main task and if unrelated to his duties, neglected anything else done in order to prevent him from executing his job. Lastly, in spite of his retirement and his old age, he did not give up working. He made great efforts to popularize his Theory of Administration of a consequence of his thirty years of amazing practical success. He was depicted by a pen portrait as always smiling, being friendly to anyone, having authority with young spirit that makes him eager to interest everything.
He carried out two major tasks in this period. The foundation of a Centre of Administrative Studies was the first. At this centre, weekly meetings, managed by Henri Fayol, held for several years which were arranged for respected people such as, writers, engineers and soldiers, officials, philosophers and industrialist. A large and authoritative literature developed from them. As early as 1918, a series of lectures on “Fayolisme” is organized by M.Carlioz at the School of Higher Commercial Studies. He was proposed to give lectures at the Ecole superieure de la Guerra. The second mission was that trying to convince the government to pay attention to principles of administration and he always believed the possibility of the accomplishment of the task.
Henri Fayol had played very important role in each these four periods. As a technical man, he accomplished national distinction for his work in mining engineering.
As a geologist, he suggested a new theory of the formation of coal-bearing strata and he confirmed it with a detailed study of the Commentry district which was rare as a piece of geological research. As a scientist turned industrial leader his success in both field was phenomenal. His detailed research days finished; however, he used the scientific methodology in every direction and gave confidence to those associated with him to do likewise. Finally, as a philosopher of administration and as a statesman he exerted influence, not less than Frederick Winslow Taylor in the U.S.A, on considering his own and many other European countries.
In the early stages of the popularity of his work attempts were made in order to characterize Fayal’s principles as in some way in competition or contrast with Taylor’s studies. However, he himself declared that he wanted to explain how false he found this antithesis.
Taylor’s and Fayol’s works were obviously different but together formed an attractive combination of quality. They both realized that the key to industrial achievement was the problem of personnel and its management at all levels. Scientific method was applied by both to this problem. That Taylor worked primarily on the operative level, from the bottom of the industrial hierarchy upwards, while Fayol focused on the Managing Director and worked downwards, it was just reflection of their different careers.
assembly line
ASSEMBLY LINE
Assembly line means industrial plan of machines, and workers for permanent flow of work pieces in mass production process. An assembly line shows the basic principles of mechanization: standardization, stability, limitation, and the decrease of work to simple labor. In an assembly line, workers join the same parts every day along a conveyor belt and know that all the parts will be got together after the whole product completed.
abraham maslow
Abraham Harold Maslow was born April 1, 1908 in Brooklyn, New York. He first studied law at the City College of New York (CCNY).After that he married and he attended University of Wisconsin and studied psychology. After graduation he became so much intrested in psychology and work on it for his whole life. He died on June 8 1970, because of a heart attack after years of ill health.
Maslow made experiments on monkeys early in his career and he observed that some needs take priority over the others. For instance if you are hungry and thirsty you will need to try to take care of the thirst first. Because you may live without food for weeks but you can live without water only a couple of days. When you are thirsty and somebody/something block you to breathe you definitely will want to ge rid of it. Because you can live without breath at most a couple minutes. Like this some needs are precedence over others and he saw human beings' needs arranged like a ladder. Maslow formed his famous hierarcy of needs by this idea. His idea was original. Before him only illnesses and abnormality was concerned but he worked on positive mental health. His work was a milestone on human pyschology and gave rise to several different therapies.
1. The physiological needs: These contains oxygen, water, protein, minerals,vitamins, maintaining the pH balance, temperature, being active, resting, sleeping, getting rid of wastes (CO2, sweat, urine), avoiding pain and having sex.
2. The safety and security needs: When the first kind of needs are taken care of you will need the second type of needs and you will become intrested in being safe and protected.
3. The love and belonging needs: The third level shows up when the first two needs are taken care of. You will start to need relationships with others.
4. The esteem needs: Subsequently you will need to be respected and you will need attention, fame, appreciation and dignity. And after that you will need achievement, competence and independence.
5. Self-actualization: The highest level of needs is a bit different from the others. Because this kind doesn’t involve balance. This kind is the need to have power.
www.ship.edu/~cgboeree/maslow.html
tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maslow_teorisi
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Maslow
www.maslow.com
Max Weber
MAX WEBER
A German political economist and sociologist. He was believed as one of the initiators of modern study of sociology and public administration along with Karl Marx and Emilie Durkheiem while he was thought as a historian and economist. Weber’s first studies were about industrial sociology but he is well known for his work on sociology of religion and sociology of government. Weber starts his analysis of rationalism by the Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. ). In it, Weber argued that the supposed anti-capitalist Puritanical rhetoric of avoiding earthly materialism was actually a motivation for that very materialism. The thesis was novel and well-known.
Weber formulated a three component hypothesis of stratification;
v Social class founded on economically established relationship to the market (owner, employee),
v Status is founded on non-economical values (honor, prestige, religion),
v Party relates to relationship in the political field.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber
cepa.newschool.edu/het/profiles/weber.htm
F.W. TAYLOR
FREDERICK WINSLOW TAYLOR
The father of scientific management
Frederick Winslow Taylor was born on March 20, 1865 in Philadelphia,USA. He was graduated from Stevens Institute of Technology in 1883 as a mechanical engineer. He began working for Midvale Steel Works. While working there he started improving his management viewpoints. Later he and Maunsel White upgraded high speed steel. Robert Kanigel declared that ”During the first half of the twentieth century, Taylor became the paradigmatic American figure, bearer of a potent strain in modern life, decried by some, lauded by others, but always inescapably American”(1997,p.11). Taylor’s ideas influenced not only America but also Europe. According to a Finnish professor “The Taylor system is to Europe not only ‘an American lesson’ ”(in Kanigel, 1997, p.11). Taylor published The Principles of Scientific Management in 1911. “The influence of The Principles of Scientific Management went far beyond the industrial world itself, indeed, Taylor seems to have expressed in his book with almost visionary clarity the general spirit of his age” writes Hubert Zapf(in Kanigel, 1997, p.12). Taylor’s method is also referred to Taylorism. His scientific management consist four main assumptions:
1. The scientific study should take the place of rule-of-thumb work methods.
2. Each employee should be selected, instructed and advanced by scientific methods rather than leaving them to train themselves.
3. "Detailed instruction and supervision of each worker in the performance of that worker's discrete task" (Montgomery 1997: 250) should be supplied.
4. The work should be separated almost equally between managers and employees so that managers would make the scientific management principles appropriate and employees present their responsibilities.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Winslow_Taylor
www.netmba.com/mgmt/scientific/
Kanigel,Robert(1997)-The One Best Way
Gilbreths
FRANK BUNKER GILBRETH-LILIAN EVELYN GILBRETH
American engineers who improved the technique of time and motion study and used to the work customs of industrial employees to raise their effectiveness. Frank Gilbreth ended his formal education after high school. He worked as a bricklayer. He married Lilian Moller in 1904 before he evolved into management engineer. Later he turn out to be infrequent lecturer at Purdue University. Also, Lilian Gilbreth received bachelor's and master's degrees in literature from the University of California. Lilian and Frank Gilbreth started working as professional partners and concentrated on applying the social sciences to industy. They focused on the workers rather than work environments. The Gilbreths developed the method of time and motion study-as mentioned before-and that system analytically examined and explored the mechanics and timing particular duties. After their research they published Motion Study (1911), Fatigue Study (1916) and Applied Motion Study (1917).
There was a extensive philosophical distinction between Gilberths and Frederick Winslow Taylor even though Gilbreths’ work is linked with Taylor’s time studies and grouped within the various “laws and principles”of scientific management. While Taylorism was chiefly related to reducing the time of process, Gilbreths searched for making process more efficient by reducing the motions involved. They understood their method was more concerned with the workers’ benefits than Taylor’s. Workers distinguished that Taylor’s method was more concerned about the profit. So, the gap between Gilbreths’ and Taylor’ ideas got bigger especially after Taylor’s death, argument between their followers became gigantic. After Frank Gilberth’s death Lilian Gilberth tried to repair the arguments but some tensions remained the same.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Bunker_Gilbreth
http://www.accel-team.com/scientific/scientific_03.htmlhttp://telecollege.dcccd.edu/mgmt1374/book_contents/1overview/management_history/mgmt_history.htm http://www.csupomona.edu/~wcweber/301/301slide/ch02301/sld008.htm
mass production
MASS PRODUCTION
Mass production means to manufacture many products in a short time by applying time-saver methods such as assembly lines and division of labor. Mass production makes company available to produce more per worker hour, and reduce the labor outlay of the product. This lets the product to be sold low-priced. There are two general theories mass production is derived from
1. Division of human labor,
2. The use of tools, machines, and other equipments in the production.
http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-mass-production.htmhttp://www.willamette.edu/~fthompso/MgmtCon/Mass_Production.html
http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aacarsassemblya.htm
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAmass.htm
division of labor
DIVISION OF LABOR
Division of labor means the separation of work process into a number of tasks and each task carried out by individual person. It is relevant to mass production systems and one of the most essential organizing standards of assembly line.
Advantages of division of labor:
1. More economical in terms of time.
2. Reduces the time needed
3. Expands the productivity
4. Concentrating on one topic makes workers more skilled.
5. Quality of products increase.
Disadvantages of division of labor:
1. Lack of motivation
2. Increasing dependency
3. Loss of flexibility
4. Higher start-up costs.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_of_labor
http://www.divisionoflabour.com/
types of engineering
TYPES OF ENGINEERING
Biomedical engineering includes designing machines that are used in medicine.
Civil engineering involves the design of structures.
Computer engineering combines software and electronics.
Electrical engineering copes with electrics and electronics.
Mechanical engineering handles with mechanical systems.
Geological engineers Solves earth related technical problems while at the same time protecting the environment.
Nuclear engineers Work with nuclear reactors, fusion and radiation applications.
Food engineering refers to engineering aspects of food production and processing.
Chemical engineering is the branch of engineering that deals with the application of chemistry, physics and mathematics.
Aerospace engineering is the branch of engineering that concerns the design, construction and science behind aircraft and spacecraft
Industrial engineering,. or management engineering, is concerned with efficient production. İE is essential by solving today’s vital and complicated problems in manifacturing division of goods, services, health care. Industrial engineers concentrate on integration of people, machines and materials to reach best performance of operating systems.
http://www.tsinghua.edu.cn/docsn/wb/lxs/Web2/EN/programs/MIE/DIE.html
http://www.nativeaccess.com/types/index.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page
http://www.iienet2.org/Details.aspx?id=716
what engineers do?
WHAT ENGINEERS DO?
Engineers solve problems and make things work better, more efficiently and cheaply by using mathematics, science, computers and latest technology. It is important to notice that despite the differences between the kinds of engineering, many of the methods engineers use to solve problems are same. In most of the schemes they work in groups and most of the time their partners are technicians and scientists, not engineers. So engineers are in charge of comprehending, planning, creating and testing. Engineers have to do these without mistakes. Also engineers should follow the latest technology and should have skills to understand it. What is more engineers should know how to use money and time because there is no room for misusing.
Engineering as a profession
ENGINEERING AS A PROFESSION
Engineering can be possibly considered as a profession in which mathematics and natural sciences are used with materials and natural forces to change them into advantage of people. Engineering is not only study but also thinking and experience. Moreover engineering should please the beneficial needs and tries to solve the problems and ease people’s lives.
http://www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/SciRefGuides/eng-index.html
http://www.coe.uncc.edu/students/prospective/whatisengr.htmHistory of engineering and engineering education
HISTORY OF ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERING EDUCATION
Word of “Engineer “is linked to the Latin word-root and “to engineer” means to be ingenious. And the word “engine” means an ingenious and useful device. Since the prehistoric times, humans have had been ingenious in order to survive. Some people at these days can be considered engineers, but not like today’s engineers of course. Ancient engineers were considered about hunting, fishing, fighting, farming and tool making. After simple tools developed engineering became an important part of the people. People started drawing roads, digging canals, and using metals. Developments took place around almost whole world. Due to Industrial revolution engineering turned out to be inevitable and every part of the life it became essential. And after industrial revolution a new era started. By the revolution whole world affected by economically and politically.
First engineering education was about military. Military engineers were employed by the government. The first engineering school was found in France in the middle of the 18th Century. At the end of the century, France had instituted military and polytechnic schools to teach engineering.
http://www.new-sng.com/history.cfm
http://www.seas.ucla.edu/hsseas/history/origin.html
